Forced localism reinforces the jurisdictional authority of highly constrained state and local institutions in violence attenuation. The consequence is exceptionally high rates of serious violence and a harsh and exclusionary criminal justice system, with Black Americans exceptionally vulnerable to both.

Housing supply responses grow with central business district distance mostly from the increasing availability of undeveloped land, flatter land, and less regulation.

Findings demonstrate that a prosecutor-led gun diversion program can address the racially disparate punishment of illegal gun possession and can be implemented without detrimental effects on public safety.

Many low-income families do not have strong preferences to stay in low-opportunity areas and that barriers in housing search significantly increase residential segregation by income.

The lack of quality schools in affordable neighborhoods burdens families by requiring compensatory strategies to resolve housing and educational shortcomings.

We find scant evidence that the average firm benefits from being surrounded by a greater amount of economic activity at this spatial scale.

Urban mobility is positively correlated with home neighborhood characteristics such as distance from the urban core, car ownership and social capital.

Some individuals see their lives and plans derailed; others engage in more protective strategies. For still others, adversity presents a difficult trade-off between surviving and thriving.

Although financial assistance and information are necessary for facilitating residential choice and improving neighborhood quality in mobility programs, they are insufficient without high-quality staff who effectively communicate and support families and landlords.

Roads are worse near coasts, and in poorer towns and in poorer neighborhoods, even within towns. We find that a household that drives 3,000 miles annually on predominantly local roads will suffer $318 per year more in driving pain if they live in a predominantly Black neighborhood than in a predominantly White neighborhood.